All posts by anomalogue

Therapeutic oracle

Esoterism

I have an unusual attitude toward oracular technologies. (I’m using the word “technology” in the pre-digital sense, to mean any systematic and equipped method.)

I focus in on the descriptive languages embedded in their systems and methodically bracket all thaumaturgic practice. Whether chance-based methods produce meaning or randomness is an important question, but a question toward which I exercise fastidious incuriosity. Let us call these technique-stripped oracles “oracular languages”

Two oracular languages I have studied and value for their powers of spiritual description are I Ching and Tarot.

Both describe, in different ways, spiritual situation: the situatedness of some situated being within some situating being. Or alternatively the situation of some spiritual participant who participates in a specific way in some partially-known whole.

Of the two, I Ching seems to have the most grammatical precision, and I have a clearer understanding how it works. But this might be insufficiently informed, because I have spent very little time studying Tarot spreads, which are unmistakably grammatical. I Ching might have sharper mathematical structure, where Tarot might have more linguistic complexity that makes its structure harder to grasp. As I write this I feel that I believe that this is the case.

I am saying all this because I have an idea for a therapeutic application for oracles. In principle it could work with any oracle which claims to provide a snapshot of a present situation with a futural trajectory, which, unless I am mistaken is what both Tarot and I Ching claim. Each claims to be a snapshot of a scene. In the shot, frozen in mid-action is some occurrence. Some of the image is stable and some of it is obviously in motion. Some of the image is foreground, and some of it is background.

Imagine an image of a high school football game. A player is in mid-jump reaching for the ball, and it seems possible but not certain that he will catch it. Behind him is a player on the opposing team who is mid-lunge, and clearly a fraction of a second from bringing him down with a tackle. Other players from both teams scramble in the periphery. Behind this action are cheerleaders who are frozen in hope. Behind them is a blurry crowd. The scene is lit by stadium lights and a drizzly mist is in the air. The helmets might be wet.

Nothing in this image moves, but the image is of motion, and we can anticipate how it is likely to continue. This is what oracles communicate.

An I Ching medium will say that the coins or yarrow stalks work like a camera to pick up or respond to or configure (in Charles Stein’s sense of the word) the subtle realities in play in the situation in question, and make it legible to those making the inquiry.

A very brief account of how these situations are captured in the parlance of I Ching.

The I Ching describes a situation by a hexagram of six lines, or yao.

Think of the hexagram as a statement. Each of the six yao is a unit of meaning, analogous to a word. But in the I Ching, both sentence structure and vocabulary is mathematically rigid. It is more like a mad libs fill in the blank than a real sentence, with each blank, or wei, bearing a fixed significance within the whole sentence, and the words that fill in those blanks being limited to four. The syntactic location of these four words, however, gives them different meanings.

Let’s start with the four word vocabulary, the yao.

  • Yang denotes action, positive closure, light, clarity, resistance, resolve, conscious awareness, all of which in I Ching philosophy are manifestations of the essential reality underlying these qualities, yang.
  • Yin denotes receptivity, negative openness, darkness, concealment, yielding, questions, unconsciousness and unknowing, all of which are manifestations of the essence, yin.
  • Changing-yang denotes yang which has run its course, and is now transitioning to yin.
  • Changing-yin denotes yin which has run its course, and is now transitioning to yang.

Grammatically, each of the six wei of the hexagram is occupied by one of these four yao — yin, yang, changing yin and changing yang. Obviously, there are myriad gradients in this cycle, but I Ching divides them into four categories. As with any sentence, the meaning of the whole lives in the relationships among the parts.

A hexagram is constructed of two trigrams — a lower trigram that describes the situated being, the subject of the situation, and the upper trigram, the enveloping being in which the subject participates and in which the subject is situated. The hexagram gives the structure of each and puts them in relation.

The trigrams also have a set structure. They are read from bottom to top.

  • Earth wei describes the objective character — the What or That or Is — present or absent in the situation.
  • Man wei describes the participatory character of the situation — the How or Can the doing or being done to — active or passive in the situation.
  • Heaven wei describes the value character of the situation — the Why or Ought or better or worse or beautiful or ugly — giving moral purpose or resistance or lack of meaning in the situation.

So the complete hexagram describes situations by giving us (from bottom to top, so reverse from this list)

  1. Lower earth wei — the What of the situated subject
  2. Lower man wei — the How of the situated subject
  3. Lower heaven wei — the Why of the situated subject
  4. Upper earth wei — the What of the situating being-context
  5. Upper man wei — the How of the situating being-context
  6. Upper heaven wei — the Why of the situating being-context

One last note: any hexagram with any changing yao is understood to lead to another hexagram. The changing yaos are developed to their changed state. So a hexagram with a changing yang in the lower earth wei leads to a hexagram with yin in that same wei.

I’m out of time, so I need to wrap up too fast.

The therapeutic opportunity is in the lower trigram, because it is only here that we have some degree of direct control over the present situation.

The kind of influence we have in this lower trigram is rate of change. We can push or slow each yao’s development toward its next stage. But we cannot reverse it.

  • Yin can remain yin, or it can be willed toward changing-yin.
  • Changing-yin can be willed to remain changing-yin, or it can be allowed to develop into yang.
  • Yang can remain yang, or it can be willed toward changing-yang.
  • Changing-yang can be willed to remain changing-yang, or it can be allowed to develop into yin.

Each yao in the lower trigram can be willed or left to develop naturally.

We can look at future hexagrams that might develop from the current one, changing none, all or some combination of the three in the line of development, again, by selective acceleration and deceleration of yao, the constraints being 1) only the lower trigram can be changed, 2) only rate of change can be influenced and 3) development cannot be reversed.

Returning to our image. We can slightly change the football player’s rate of forward motion by extending his hands, or easing back on his forward stretch. But he’s going forward at some range of motion and there is no use in attempting to reverse it. The ball and the other players are going to respond to the player, so his control is indirect. The crowd, the stadium, the weather and the lights are entirely beyond immediate control. Perhaps cheering and booing will follow, but that is later.

The goal is to focus on influencing only what can be influenced, only within the range of possible change, and accepting as given constraints what cannot.

In a way, this is similar to how I approach Enneagram. Most choices can be analyzed in terms of choices between integration or disintegration. As a 5, I can be pretty sure I’m making a worse choice if I am moving toward 7 (more freedom and pleasure) and a better choice if I am moving toward 8 (intuitive mastery, mission and unsparing destiny). This method gives similar guidance by identifying the most possible options and giving specific strategies for accelerating or braking, and taking all less possible strategies off the table. We can’t reverse changing-yang into yang without committing the mystic’s sin of “turning around” and becoming inert columns of salt or forgetting ourselves in shadows.

There is a ton more to develop, but sadly I must end here.

Picking up again (August 11, 2026)…

Multiple variations to this approach can be taken.

All approaches start from an established hexagram. This establishment might be done by traditional oracle, using yarrow or coins. My preference would be to conduct a deep interview with the advisee to collect a description of the situation sufficient to link the description to a hexagram. Let us assume for the purposes of the method that, however we do it, we have, as our point of departure, a valid hexagram, accepted by both advisor and advisee.

In all approaches there is a “natural” future hexagram, where all changing yao are assumed to follow their course and ripen into the opposite. In the natural future hexagram all changing-yin becomes yang, and all changing-yang becomes yin. This depicts the trajectory of the situation if will does not intervene. This is what is given in a traditional I Ching reading.

But in this approach different willful interventions are considered in order to steer toward a preferred future.

Willing consists of holding back or slowing changing-yin or changing-yang and preventing it from becoming its opposite in the future hexagram. Or it involves pushing young yang or young yin into a changing-yang or changing-yin, respectively. In other words, willing a rate of change: either slowing change-in-progress or speeding stability toward change.

Let’s call any intervention willed development, and any non-intervention natural development.

  1. Things are left alone to develop naturally. (The natural future hexagram is the likeliest future.)
  2. The yao in the lower earth wei is willed.
  3. The yao in the lower man wei is willed.
  4. The yao in the lower heaven wei is willed.
  5. The yao in the lower earth and man wei are willed.
  6. The yao in the lower earth and heaven wei are willed.
  7. The yao in the lower man and heaven wei are willed.
  8. The yao in the lower earth, man and heaven wei are all willed.

Each of these eight potentially change the future reading. They may yield a different future hexagram, or they may change a stable line in a hexagram into a changed one.

Variation one: The advisor looks at all possible future hexagrams. There are eight options.

  1. All lower yao are permitted to develop naturally toward the future hexagram. (This is the predictive aspect of a traditional reading).
  2. All lower yao are held back. The flow of fate is slowed so the present hexagram applies also to the future. The effort is primarily focused on changing yao, preserving the remaining yin in the changing-yin, or yang in changing-yang, without attempting to reverse course.
  3. The yao in the earth wei is modified. If it is a changing line it is slowed. If it is young yang or young yin it is pushed to changing-yang or changing-yin, respectively.

This is where variations present themselves. I’ll cover three:

We can brute force it. We can work out the eight futures, read through them and interpret them into possible outcomes. Then we compare the outcomes, and select one. We then focus on the specific yaos requiring willful intervention, and what that entails.

We can take a preference-first (ought-first) approach. We start with the natural future. The advisor hears the advisee’s response to that future, inquires into what aspects of it are desirable or undesirable. The advisor interprets which yaos seem to require willful intervention, and selects a future hexagram reflecting these interventions, repeating the process if necessary with different interventions.

We can take opportunistic approach (can-first). We start with the natural future. The advisor then interviews the advisee on perceived levers of change. What aspects of the situation seems controllable to them, given available personal or environmental resources. The advisor interprets these levers into intervenable yaos, and selects a future hexagram reflecting these interventions, repeating the process if necessary with different interventions.

Of course, all this raises a whole new set of practical questions. How does one actually intervene in each lower trigram wei, and, per each what does willing each yao entail? For example, how does one go about pushing a young yang yao in the heaven wei into changing-yang?

This will need to be addressed later.

Prototype archetype

Autobiography, Design, Letterpress

I was just poking through old posts looking for an old Rorty quote (roughly, “anything can be made to look good or bad by being redescribed…” when came upon an old post from July 2021, where I realized something simple and shocking: language is one prototyping material. And I will add now, it is often not the best one, but it is inexpensive. Talk is cheap. And anyone who sits in meetings all day will tell you, it is inexhaustibly plentiful.

Whenever I think about prototyping, the same image comes to mind.

It is a bad digital image of an improvised artifact someone at IDEO hacked together using whatever materials were sitting around to communicate an idea for a surgical instrument that could be gripped in a new way. They grabbed a cheap plastic clip, a 35mm film canister and a white board marker and hastily taped it together. The thing induced a collective eureka and eventually became a real product used by real surgeons.

In the Rorty / linguistic prototyping post I announced an intention to make a linocut print of the IDEO prototype.

Reading this today, I experienced a moment of smug self-satisfaction, for soon after I’d written this, I radically one-upped myself. It occurred to me that it would be even better to have a sculpture of that archetypal prototype! So I painstakingly tracked down the original materials and reproduced that prototype. And then I mounted the reproduction in a shadow box for display. I will not pretend I was not proud of both the idea and the execution.

My feelings toward this object are bittersweet. For years, when I still belonged at my organization — back when prototyping was central to our thinking methods — the prototype archetype reproduction was on loan to my organization, and sat proudly in our lobby to remind us of who we were and to provoke questions from visitors.

Now that everything we do is reports and words and talking and projections and plans and complicated system models, we are no more designerly and no less corporate than our clients. This symbolic artifact that once served as quirky evidence of who we were became a phony poseur prop, so I recalled it and moved it to a location where it was still true. It sucks to lose a home you helped build, furnish and ensoul. But, you know, this is how things go. This is why I always say: “Bros before cos.” Never trust an organization. Wah, wah, etc., etc. —

But enough crybabying. I have an idea.

I am returning to this idea of printing the prototype.

I am imagining a small card with a lino image of the IDEO prototype, with lead typeset slogans beneath it:

Stop talking. Start making.

or

Prototype it.

or

We think also with our hands and hearts.

or maybe an edition of each of the three.

Wow, I want this to exist.

I want to own it myself, and I want every designer who is still a designer to have one.

This is what I love most about letterpress.

I’m not in it to express myself or to strut around showing what I can do.

I am motivated by pure avarice. I want something to exist that doesn’t yet exist, so I can have it.

And then I become more generally offended at that thing’s nonexistence.

So I make it exist. And then I get to have that thing, and enjoy that thing’s existence.

There is a beautiful, true, dense and compact book that should exist.

It does not exist, and its nonexistence is my responsibility.

Its mysterious absence is increasingly obtrusive and painful.

I feel it like a futural phantom limb.

Let them eat slop

Autobiography, Ethics

Last night I was bellyaching to my friend Zellyn about everyday workplace hypocrisies. Stuff like when we are invited into a safe space to speak our truth, as long as everything said harmonizes with official lies everyone officially believes with all our line-toeing little sleeve-hearts. And how the high-flying bullshit spouted by managerials, and all the procedural chickenshit they impose is all just trifling nonsense. On and on I went. I have been severely STFU challenged of late.

And suddenly an apparition of Fish appeared in our midst.

And this is what he said: “Staylo, how is it that you’ve made it past your 50th birthday, still expecting anyone to say anything resembling truth with anything resembling sincerity?”

“This is all a game,” he continued. “Nothing about it is real, except the penalties for losing and the rewards for winning. Those alone are real.”

“And do you know the most reliable way to lose this game?”

“You lose this game if you forget it is only a game.”

That is what the apparition of Fish said to us. It was right in the middle of a vegan Indian restaurant, and it was awkward. But we had to give it to him. He had a point.

It’s an option, at least in theory. I’m not sure I could pull it off and stick with it.

It does have a certain appeal. I am no stranger to contempt. When forced to interact with people who refuse to be real, I have been know to make AI crank out fake sincerity for me. I don’t even read it first. Such people deserve neither reality nor my energy. They deserve only slop.

I could imagine aiming this same contempt at that non-consensual hallucination we call the corporate world.

I could enter this simulation as a player intent on winning.

But who am I kidding? I hate that shit. This soulless soul-grinder runs on “cynical reason“.

But it would be both cooler and funnier to win. And moralism is always the mark of the mark.

Is this even a question of morality? Is it more a question of style?

If only I had only one ear to hear only one voice from one shoulder. An ironist is damned to stereo.

Hubris of dissent

Ethics, Philosophy, Poetry, Politics

It is truly hubristic for anyone to believe he has a right to dissent — to disagree with one’s supposed peers and alleged superiors that what they call true is sufficiently true, and what they call good or just is actually good and just.

But I am not alone in my dissent. I am backed by some of the most notorious characters ever known — including a madman, and a treacherous coward, and a lineage of sketchy mystics whose vague mumblings clearly confirm my dearest priors.

Yet, here I stand, and here is my witness: the faith of our overclass is perverse; and that is why this faith holds manifestly false ideologies to be true, unprincipled exploitation of principles to be just, and glaring evil to be righteous. And this perverse faith grasps itself as epitomizing truth, justice and righteousness.

I can represent the overclass perspective only by standing on their vacuum of presumptions and method acting their nihilistic logic. And indeed, I often must, in order to avoid incessant social conflict and economic ruin. I know this faith, its language and its moves inside-out, as well as outside-in, and, for this reason, I understand it better than most of its own adherents, certainly better than anyone around me. I can steelman their own views better than they can. But they are incapable and unwilling to do the same, because, despite their claimed empathy monopoly, all they have is a bullet list of synthetic compassion recipes. If technik is your hammer, every Why is a nail to hammer with expert technique.

This faith cannot see from any perspective other than its own. It will “do the work” anywhere but where it is most needful. Were this faith to transcend itself, it would risk experiencing itself from an exterior position and become a witness to its own false nature and collapse in disillusioned self-disgust. In the words of Edwin Muir “He is the Lie; one true thought, and he’s gone.”

If I am wrong — and if I am, I would be the last to know — I will have to accept responsibility. I will give a full reckoning of my wrongdoing, ask forgiveness, and and start again on a better path.

But from here, now, I cannot ignore my intellectual and moral conscience, just because it was outvoted by the innumerable others who turned over their own consciences to the anonymous consensus.

I see things that demand witness, not in order to achieve some goal, but because Why requires it.

Here is the full poem:

He walks, the enchanter, on his sea of glass,
Poring upon his blue inverted heaven
Where a false sun revolves from west to east.
If he could raise his eyes he would see his hell.
He is no spirit, nor a spirit’s shadow,
But a mere toy shaped by ingenious devils
To bring discomfiture on credulous man.
He’s the false copy where each feature’s wrong,
Yet so disposed the whole gives a resemblance.
When he’s in anguish smiles writhe on his lips
And will not stop. His imperturbable brow
Is carved by rage not his but theirs that made him,
For he’s a nothing where they move in freedom,
Knowing that nothing’s there. When he forgives
It is for love of sin not of the sinner.
He takes sin for his province, knows sin only,
Nothing but sin from end to end of the world.
He heals the sick to show his conjuring skill,
Vexed only by the cure; and turns his cheek
To goad the furious to more deadly fury,
And damn by a juggling trick the ingenuous sinner.
He brings men from the dead to tell the living
That their undoing is a common fetch.
Ingeniously he postures on the Tree
(His crowning jest), an actor miming death,
While his indifferent mind is idly pleased
That treason should run on through time for ever.
His vast indulgence is so free and ample,
You well might think it universal love,
For all seems goodness, sweetness, harmony.
He is the Lie; one true thought, and he’s gone.

Social metaphysics

Judaism, Metaphysics, Philosophy, Polycentered design

Well, I took the slack bait and responded to one of those inane “watercooler topics”. I’m posting it only because the term social metaphysics emerged in my response, I think it’s a good coinage.

“Social metaphysics” has a nice ambiguity to it, too. It implies a socially shared metaphysics as well as a metaphysics of the social.

I take it both ways at once, of course, because somewhere in the neighborhood of Beriah, givens get radically polycentered — givens and takers, alike — each instaurating the other in givennesss.

Recovering design

Design, Philosophy

As a designer I care about three things.

I care about making things people care about for many different but interconnected reason. An example, might be a pen with an appearance and tactility that resonates with the role of writing in their life. Or a bicycle that rides beautifully, but also reinforces the rider’s sense of himself as a person and as a cyclist. Or… most recently in my career, the as yet unachieved goal of an organization who provides those who serve it by serving from it a vehicle for their own root service, the opportunity I call knitbone.

I care about coming to transcendent understandings with teammates. These understanding were inconceivable prior to the design research, but actually conceived through the work, thanks to the specific conditions imposed by design: 1) multiple designing subjects, 2) multiple designant subjects, 3) a matter of concern common to all, 4) access to the raw reality, the actual matter, 4) no easy escape from the ordeal, where the path of least resistance is directly into and through the inconceivability.

I care about iterative philosophical refection on design practice, and philosophically guided practice, and the design praxis that develops and the strange, strange design enworldment such reflective practice instaurates. (Instauration is the revelation-creation that craft summons to life. It is what Charles Stein calls configuration.)

Watch setting

History, Philosophy, Politics, Religion

I heard someone say something darkly true: “Anyone more religious than you is fanatical; anyone less religious than you is profane.”

This same principle can be applied to just about any attempt at balance. Wherever we set our mean is the zero point between deficit and excess.

I say “set our mean” but in most cases, the mean is set for us. However far our group drifts, there we are. We read the news to calibrate our sense of normal. For the average intelligent citizen of wherever, whether that paper is the New York Times, Berliner Tageblatt or Pravda is purely an accident of place and time.

Chokhmah obscura

Everso, Kabbalah, Polycentered design

I think of Chokhmah as the infinitesimal pinhole of a camera obscura through which the infinite light of Keter projects into an almost as infinitesimal five-dimensional plane the width, breadth, depth, duration and awareness of the whole cosmogonic unfolding. In this projection within One, each one of us lives and dies as an everted holographic vision of the whole, a subject of Malkhut.

This is a response to a (god)heady passage from Scholem:

Among the symbolical descriptions of the unfolding of God in His revelation, special attention must be given to that which is based on the concept of the mystical Nothing. To the Kabbalist the fundamental fact of creation takes place in God; apart from that he admits of no act of creation worth that name which might be conceived as fundamentally different from the first inmost act and which takes place outside the world of the Sefirot. The creation of the world, that is to say, the creation of something out of nothing, is itself but the external aspect of something which takes place in God Himself. This is also a crisis of the hidden En-Sof who turns from repose to creation, and it is this crisis, creation and Self-Revelation in one, which constitutes the great mystery of theosophy and the crucial point for the understanding of the purpose of theosophical speculation.

The crisis can be pictured as the break-through of the primordial will, but theosophic Kabbalism frequently employs the bolder metaphor of Nothing. The primary start or wrench in which the introspective God is externalized and the light that shines inwardly made visible, this revolution of perspective, transforms En-Sof, the inexpressible fullness, into nothingness. It is this mystical ‘nothingness’ from which all the other stages of God’s gradual unfolding in the Sefirot emanate and which the Kabbalists call the highest Sefirah, or the “supreme crown” [Keter] of Divinity. To use another metaphor, it is the abyss which becomes visible in the gaps of existence. Some Kabbalists who have developed this idea, for instance Rabbi Joseph ben Shalom of Barcelona (1300), maintain that in every transformation of reality, in every change of form, or every time the status of a thing is altered, the abyss of nothingness is crossed and for a fleeting mystical moment becomes visible. Nothing can change without coming into contact with this region of pure absolute Being which the mystics call Nothing. The difficult task of describing the emergence of the other Sefiroth from the womb of the first — the Nothing — is somehow managed with the aid of copious metaphors.

In this connection it may be of interest to examine a mystical jeu de mots which comes very close to the ideas of the Zohar and was already used by Joseph Gikatila. The Hebrew word for nothing, ain has the same consonants as the word for I, ani — and as we have seen, God’s “I” is conceived as the final stage in the emanation of the Sefirot, that stage in which God’s personality, in a simultaneous gathering together of all its previous stages, reveals itself to its own creation. In other words, the passage from ain to ani is symbolical of the transformation by which the Nothing passes through the progressive manifestation of its essence in the Sefiroth, into the I — a dialectical process whose thesis and antithesis begin and end in God: surely a remarkable instance of dialectical thought. Here as elsewhere, mysticism, intent on formulating the paradoxes of religious experience, uses the instrument of dialectics to express its meaning. The Kabbalists are by no means the only witnesses to this affinity between mystical and dialectical thinking.

In the Zohar, as well as in the Hebrew writings of Moses de Leon, the transformation of Nothing into Being is frequently explained by the use of one particular symbol, that of the primordial point. Already the Kabbalists of the Geronese school employed the comparison with the mathematical point, whose motion creates the line and the surface, to illustrate the process of emanation from the “hidden cause.” To this comparison, Moses de Leon adds the symbolism of the point as the centre of the circle. The primordial point from Nothing is the mystical center around which the theogonical processes crystallize. Itself without dimensions and as it were placed between Nothing and Being, the point serves to illustrate what the Kabbalists of the thirteenth century call “the Origin of Being”, that “Beginning” of which the first word of the Bible speaks. The somewhat pompous phrases in which the opening lines of the Zohar’s interpretation of the story of creation describe this emergence of the primordial point — not indeed from the Nothing as remarked in another context, but from the ethereal aura of God — can serve as an example of the mystical imagery of the whole book:

“In the beginning, when the will of the King began to take effect, he engraved signs into the divine aura. A dark flame sprang forth from the innermost recess of the mystery of the Infinite, En-Sof, like a fog which forms out of the formless, enclosed in the ring of this aura, neither white nor black, neither red nor green, and of no color whatever. But when this flame began to assume size and extension it produced radiant colors. For in the innermost center of the flame a well sprang forth from which flames poured upon everything below, hidden in the mysterious secrets of En-Sof. The well broke through, and yet did not entirely break through, the ethereal aura which surrounded it. It was entirely unrecognizable until under the impact of its break-through a hidden supernal point shone forth. Beyond this point nothing may be known or understood, and therefore it is called Reshit, that is ‘Beginning’, the first word of creation”

By the Zohar, as by the majority of the other Kabbalistic writers, this primordial point is identified with the wisdom of God, Chokhmah. God’s wisdom represents the ideal thought of Creation, conceived as the ideal point which itself springs from the impulse of the abysmal will. The author extends the comparison by likening it to the mystical seed which is sown into Creation, the point of comparison apparently being not only the subtlety of both but also the fact that in either the possibilities of further being are potentially, though as yet invisibly, existent.

Beyond the “servicemaster”

Design

For the last several months I have convinced myself more and more completely that service system development should follow the example of software system development, and formally assign a trio of roles responsible for the desirability, feasibility and viability of what is being developed.

In software system development, the product trio is:

  • The UX designer is responsible for desirability, that is, everything concerning user adoption of what is being developed. If we build it, will people adopt it?
  • The software engineer is responsible for feasibility, that is, ensuring that whatever is being proposed is developed within given constraints. Given what we have to work with, can we build it?
  • The product manager is responsible for viability, that is, for ensuring that the system once built and adopted by users will help the organization flourish. If we build it within constraints, and people adopt it, will it serve the organization’s strategic goals?

Of course, teams are collaborative, so they must, in IDEO’s parlance, be T-shaped. Each team member must have a general understanding of design, engineering and business sufficient to support effective collaboration. But each brings a depth of understanding in their specialty and their domain of responsibility.

Given that service systems are at least as complex as software systems – plus additional layers of organizational and logistical complication – it seems self-evident that assigning responsibility for ensuring the desirability, feasibility and viability of a service to one role guarantees that something, and likely much more than something, will be lost.

Asking one designer to specialize in and bear responsibility for all three shows a failure to appreciate either the complexity of services or of human limits. A service designer who attempted it would have to work 120 hour weeks to juggle all three of these responsibilities, or 80 hours to juggle just two of the three. And ask any designer which of the three always gets dropped first.

In service system development the service trio should be:

  • The service designer is responsible for desirability, that is, everything concerning service actor participation in the service being developed. If we activate this service, will all service actors willingly participate in ways that support it?
  • The service system engineer is responsible for feasibility, that is, ensuring that the service is operationalized within given constraints. Given the organization and its conditions enabling and constraining it, can we activate, maintain and evolve it?
  • The service system manager is responsible for viability, that is, for ensuring that the service once activated by participation of service actors will help the organization that delivers this service flourish. If we activate it within constraints, and service actors participate as intended, will it serve the organization’s strategy?

Until we stop reducing the vast and complex domain of service system development to “service design,” the field will remain stuck in the age of the webmaster. Remember that guy? The webmaster was the guy in headquarters’ basement who figured out what an organization’s presence should be on the Information Superhighway, and then sort of hacked it all together. He was an overworked jack of all trades and master of none, especially not the design part.

Today what we call “service designer” really should be called “servicemaster” in honor of our pre-UX jack-of-all-trades predecessor.

The big hurdle, of course, is that the closest thing we have to each of these defined roles is still the overstretched, overburdened service designer. It is hard to staff roles with no existing practitioners, but my hope is that defining these disciplines might inspire enterprising, restless operations folks, process or industrial engineering types, CX professionals, or random multitalented domain-blenders to come along and fill these brand new, unclaimed shoes.

Dang. This is funny. I might post this on LinkedIn, under the disclaimer that this is my own opinion and not the opinion of my employer.

Alchemical design

Design, Esoterism

Craft is material dialogue. Dialogue is conversation craft. Alchemy is the craft of crafts.

First, I intuited it implicitly in R. J. Bernstein and Gadamer. Later, I found it stated directly in Buber: our best access to divine being is through dialogue with others.

Dialogue presumes two things: alterity and a possibility of transformative understanding.

Dialogue requires two things: shared good faith to arrive at understanding and shared material to serve as the medium for this understanding.

In alchemy not just any material will do.

The material must be real enough to perform its configurative, transformative task.

In alchemy, material is dissolved, freed from form, cleansed of ideal dross, and rendered pure matter (hyle), pregnant with myriad reformative possibility.

In alchemy, soul is dissolved, freed from form, cleansed of accidental dross, and rendered pure spirit, pregnant with myriad reformative possibility.

In alchemy, fragmentary soul and material are dissolved and purified and passed through the narrow neck of the alembic into the chamber to combine and unite, and unified are then drawn back through the neck to recrystallize together, refaithed, rematerialized, reenworlded. New artifact, new artifex, new chamber.

This is why designers go to the rough ground of reality.

It is only here we find matter-rich materials that can support radical new understanding. What gets passed along in organizational media is precisely form, not matter. The form of the medium filters whatever data it cannot convey. The data that survives transmission is too anemic to support anything but compulsive rethinking of old thoughts.

It is the media, the material forms, the forms of understanding, the very soul-form of the organization that is in play in radical design.

Radical design is alchemy.

This sacrifice of form in radical design must be performed in the faith that resouling and reenworlding will redeem the sacrifice.

Subject and object shed form together in order to be reclothed, refurnished, rehoused, reenvironed together, all at once, in new enworldment.

This is the artifice of design.

Design is a craft requiring much technique, but much more than technique.

Mere technicians can only construct systems of unnatural artificiality. They are limited to assembling preformed components. They can build only structures the components afford. But today, the problem is the form of the components. This is why the design work of design technicians is sterile and entirely uninspiring, which is good enough in a joyless world that no longer desires or expects anything beyond fixed function.

The higher goal of design is second-natural artifice that summons whole worlds teeming with inconceivable new beings and meanings.

Alchemy might have preceded modern science, but modern science refused the very cornerstone of alchemy: its transformative Why.

This rejection of Why, first methodological, then later metaphysical, is the nihilism concealed in the heart of technik, which knows only the questions What and How, and hears that implicit question behind every truth. When someone asks “why?” the ear of technik hears a prescriptive “in order to what?” or a descriptive “how did this occur?”

Design is alchemy’s true heir, but to receive its inheritance it must reject the rejection of technicity.

Design must restore the Why to technik’s What-How so the technocratic world of techno-scientific engineering and management can answer to a higher Ought and serve our human purpose instead of enslaving humankind to its Whyless systems.

Not only are we allowed to do this, we must do what we Ought.

Protoconsultant Chuang Tzu

Design, Taoism

Solid consulting advice from Chuang Tzu, twenty-three centuries before the invention of consulting:

Yen Hui went to see Confucius and asked permission to take a trip.

“Where are you going?”

“I’m going to Wei.”

“What will you do there?”

“I have heard that the ruler of Wei is very young. He acts in an independent manner, thinks little of how he rules his state, and fails to see his faults. It is nothing to him to lead his people into peril, and his dead are reckoned by swampfuls like so much grass. His people have nowhere to turn. I have heard you say, Master, ‘Leave the state that is well ordered and go to the state in chaos! At the doctor’s gate are many sick men.’ I want to use these words as my standard, in hopes that I can restore his state to health.”

“Ah,” said Confucius, “you will probably go and get yourself executed, that’s all. The Way doesn’t want things mixed in with it. When it becomes a mixture, it becomes many ways; with many ways, there is a lot of bustle; and where there is a lot of bustle, there is trouble — trouble that has no remedy! The Perfect Man of ancient times made sure that he had it in himself before he tried to give it to others. When you’re not even sure what you’ve got in yourself, how do you have time to bother about what some tyrant is doing?

“Do you know what it is that destroys virtue, and where wisdom comes from? Virtue is destroyed by fame, and wisdom comes out of wrangling. Fame is something to beat people down with, and wisdom is a device for wrangling. Both are evil weapons — not the sort of thing to bring you success. Though your virtue may be great and your good faith unassailable, if you do not understand men’s spirits, though your fame may be wide and you do not strive with others, if you do not understand men’s minds, but instead appear before a tyrant and force him to listen to sermons on benevolence and righteousness, measures and standards — this is simply using other men’s bad points to parade your own excellence. You will be called a plaguer of others. He who plagues others will be plagued in turn. You will probably be plagued by this man.

“And suppose he is the kind who actually delights in worthy men and hates the unworthy — then why does he need you to try to make him any different? You had best keep your advice to yourself! Kings and dukes always lord it over others and fight to win the argument. You will find your eyes growing dazed, your color changing, your mouth working to invent excuses, your attitude becoming more and more humble, until in your mind you end by supporting him. This is to pile fire on fire, to add water to water, and is called ‘increasing the excessive.’ If you give in at the beginning, there is no place to stop. Since your fervent advice is almost certain not to be believed, you are bound to die if you come into the presence of a tyrant.

“In ancient times Chieh put Kuan Lung-feng to death and Chou put Prince Pi Kan to death. Both Kuan Lung-feng and Prince Pi Kan were scrupulous in their conduct, bent down to comfort and aid the common people, and used their positions as ministers to oppose their superiors. Therefore their rulers, Chieh and Chou, utilized their scrupulous conduct as a means to trap them, for they were too fond of good fame. In ancient times Yao attacked Ts’ung-chih and Hsu-ao, and Yu attacked Yu-hu, and these states were left empty and unpeopled, their rulers cut down. It was because they employed their armies constantly and never ceased their search for gain. All were seekers of fame or gain — have you alone not heard of them? Even the sages cannot cope with men who are after fame or gain, much less a person like you!

“However, you must have some plan in mind. Come, tell me what it is.”

Yen Hui said, “If I am grave and empty-hearted, diligent and of one mind, won’t that do?”

“Goodness, how could that do? You may put on a fine outward show and seem very impressive, but you can’t avoid having an uncertain look on your face, any more than an ordinary man can. And then you try to gauge this man’s feelings and seek to influence his mind. But with him, what is called ‘the virtue that advances a little each day’ would not succeed, much less a great display of virtue! He will stick fast to his position and never be converted. Though he may make outward signs of agreement, inwardly he will not give it a thought! How could such an approach succeed?”

“Well then, suppose I am inwardly direct, outwardly compliant, and do my work through the examples of antiquity? By being inwardly direct, I can be the companion of Heaven. Being a companion of Heaven, I know that the Son of Heaven and I are equally the sons of Heaven. Then why would I use my words to try to get men to praise me, or try to get them not to praise me? A man like this, people call The Child. This is what I mean by being a companion of Heaven.

“By being outwardly compliant, I can be a companion of men. Lifting up the tablet, kneeling, bowing, crouching down — this is the etiquette of a minister. Everybody does it, so why shouldn’t I? If I do what other people do, they can hardly criticize me. This is what I mean by being a companion of men.

“By doing my work through the examples of antiquity, I can be the companion of ancient times. Though my words may in fact be lessons and reproaches, they belong to ancient times and not to me. In this way, though I may be blunt, I cannot he blamed. This is what I mean by being a companion of antiquity. If I go about it in this way, will it do?”

Confucius said, “Goodness, how could that do? You have too many policies and plans and you haven’t seen what is needed. You will probably get off without incurring any blame, yes. But that will be as far as it goes. How do you think you can actually convert him? You are still making the mind your teacher!”

Yen Hui said, “I have nothing more to offer. May I ask the proper way?”

“You must fast!” said Confucius. “I will tell you what that means. Do you think it is easy to do anything while you have {a mind}? If you do, Bright Heaven will not sanction you.”

Yen Hui said, “My family is poor. I haven’t drunk wine or eaten any strong foods for several months. So can I be considered as having fasted?”

“That is the fasting one does before a sacrifice, not the fasting of the mind.”

“May I ask what the fasting of the mind is?”

Confucius said, “Make your will one! Don’t listen with your ears, listen with your mind. No, don’t listen with your mind, but listen with your spirit. Listening stops with the ears, the mind stops with recognition, but spirit is empty and waits on all things. The Way gathers in emptiness alone. Emptiness is the fasting of the mind.”

Yen Hui said, “Before I heard this, I was certain that I was Hui. But now that I have heard it, there is no more Hui. Can this be called emptiness?”

“That’s all there is to it,” said Confucius. “Now I will tell you. You may go and play in his bird cage, but never be moved by fame. If he listens, then sing; if not, keep still. Have no gate, no opening, but make oneness your house and live with what cannot be avoided. Then you will be close to success.”

Single-prompt interview research

Anthropology, Design, Kabbalah, Letterpress, Metaphysics, Philosophy, Religion, Star

A couple of weeks ago, I wrote about a “single-question magic interview“. Placing this question between two genuine interlocutors really does something astonishing, important, rare and rarer by the day.

It made me want to letterpress print this question.

I love words that act directly on a souls.

Whenever I find such words, I want to sink them deep into the surface of paper.

This is my letterpress impulse.

I am now interested in instaurating more single-question interviews. I want to collect and print them.

I will, of course, do this work in faithful, observant service to design praxis, which is sacred and therefore not to be used, but the everse of using. Faithful, observant service to praxis means giving ourselves to our praxis and allow ourselves to be used as its agent, or (as Latour put it) the actant of praxis.

I have a big fear mitigated by some hopeful hypotheses.

My fear is that an increasing number of people have unwittingly been taken by ideological faiths — what some have called “political religions”. Religion, though is not only a misnomer, but a category mistake of the highest pragmatic consequence. Ideologies are fundamentalisms.

Fundamentalism is not religion taken too far, but religion aborted and never reborn in a barren soul.

A fundamentalist faith is (I believe this also came from Latour?) a distinctive attitude toward beliefs. It could be called a belief about beliefs — beliefs being objective facts taken as true.

A genuine religion tries to transcend factual beliefs. It does so by way of a different attitude toward truth, a different mode of of believing, a different configuration of soul, which has believes on a trajectory beyond conceivability, toward “something” ungraspable by the objectively comprehending mind. (See “Religious notes” below for more.)

To a religious soul, fundamentalism is ideo-idolatry, a confused reduction of an essentially inconceivable, incomprehensible reality to a comprehended concept. The fundamentalist worships something that is inside their own heads, and part of themselves. We do this all the time, even in mundane life, when we love an idea of a thing and forget that the idea indicates a reality beyond that idea, whose value is precisely what the idea cannot capture. We confuse mental categories of groups for real persons and love or hate the mental image. We confuse stories for the complex polycentered unfoldings of real events. It’s just how we are, especially when we forget to try to be otherwise.

So — An interview with a fundamentalist, whether that funamentalist adheres to a right-fundamentalism of mis-taken religion or a left-fundamentalism of scientististic psycho-social-political beliefs is unlikely to reveal anything beyond more and more belief system content, which never touches the eclipsed host of these believed-in beliefs.

But it is precisely and exclusively this eclipsed being — this unique intuitive living in the heart of each soul — I want to coax out in these single-question interviews.

Here is where I permit myself the mitigation of hopeful hypotheses.

First, I hypothesize that any apparent soullessness is only apparent, and that what actually happens is only eclipse. A person’s weird, intuitive uniqueness never stops existing, however much it is occluded by opaque belied-in factual content. A belief-system is its own place, which makes heavens of hells and hells of heavens, but these places are not the souls who become imprisoned within them by identifying with what holds them captive. Someone is in there to be sprung.

Second, I hypothesize that the path to an occluded soul (the exit from the cell) is craft. Craft is where a person engages a reality unmediated by language, skin to skin. Where are they blurring the boundaries between their soul, their body, an instrument, and an emerging work in music or visual arts or other flavor of alchemy? Where have they become someone new with someone? Where are they losing themselves in physical exercise? Where do words fail them, precisely where their bodies and souls succeed? I need single questions that puncture belief-systems and get at these experiences.

Third, to get there, I might need to abandon the limitations of conversation. I might need to adopt some of the most radical practices of design research, which preclude the asking of questions. For in generative research we are not interested in answers to our own questions. We are after the implicit questions constituting the subjectivity of our research participants. What questions are relevant to them? To get there we do not ask direct questions, we request lessons. We ask them to teach us about their lives. This is why our research briefs are not defined by questions to answer, but areas of inquiry to learn about.

So the obvious single-question interview about craft might be neither a question, nor an interview. It might simply be:

Please show me your best craft.

In research, things never go as expected. It might be a finished artifact, or it might be a demonstration of doing the craft. Either way, I will have to go to the participant’s place.

The research will have a dual-nature. I am doing the research in order to produce a learning-teaching event, and it will be iterative prototyping testing of the research protocol itself.

The final deliverable of the research will be one or more short, letterpress printable prompts.

These will be used to make some kind of beautiful sacred printed objects, maybe a booklet, a set of cards, a small poster or reference sheet or some combination of these.

A good friend of mine suggested another question:

What is the worst thing that ever happened to you, and how did you benefit from it?

If any researcher or interviewer or front-line service provider or talented conversationalist happens up this, and has a soul-coaxing prompt or question that has worked for them, I am collecting them.

Anyone who contributes a prompt will get a copy of whatever gets printed.

Religious notes:

1.

Generally, fundamentalism believes that a belief system and sound life practice is constructed upon a foundation of concrete fact.

Religion senses a divine ground beneath all objectivity, supporting it, though less solid than water, or even aether. But without this grounding, all fact disintegrates into isolated grains of truth, unable to support even humble truth constructions, much less towering edifices of fact meant to penetrate the ultimate.

2.

Religion believes toward … Toward what is essentially inconceivable, and is not what, but someone who is better but not perfectly characterized as Why or Who. An interrogative combining Why, Who, How, What, Where, When would approximate it better than any one of them. But perhaps refusal to name this interrogative mystery … or even to invent a category for … is a better response. Perhaps we just address … with a simple situating of Nefesh-Ruach in I-here-now: “Here I am.” To say “Hineini” is for Neshamah-Chayah to inhale the pneuma of Nefesh-Ruach into itself, like an atmosphere receives back a lungful of exhaled breath.

3.

All this, of course, is said in the language of my own chosen faith, or, rather, the faith who chose me. Speaking of which, much has been made of the expression “chosen people” but this expression is rarely heard oriented by the best question. It is natural for any envy-inclined mind to hear in this a response to “Which people were chosen versus which other people who were not chosen? A better question would be “Which people made a choice of faith, and which people were made by being chosen by a faith?”

Chosenness does not signify a status: chosen versus unchosen. Chosenness signifies only who chose whom.

Update (August 4, 2026): The goal is development of a craft, “sacred interview”.

Sinistre! Gauche!

Autobiography, Existentialism, Kabbalah

When sincere impious questing arrives at a conclusion, the conclusion must be accepted. Repetition is bad faith.

Questioning unquestionable truths, or transgressively experimenting where matters are settled, can under rare circumstances be necessary and good. Such things should be done only when answers and results are urgent, and when we are fully prepared to accept the response we receive.

Do not seek where you are unwilling to find.

This is an attempt to account for some of my early, shadowy wanderings along left-handed paths. I can neither regret nor condone what it took to get here.

Maps and travelogues

Metaphysics, Philosophy

When explorers discovered the New World and began mapping it and sending back to Europe sketches of the people, animals, plants and landscapes they saw there, the images were strange and divergent. If one had never seen in-person the realities depicted in these images it would take significant imagination to constitute a common source. Imagine the exponential difficulty had the New World not been merely a remote variation on Europe, but in fact a different stratum of being for which explicit, descriptive, objective language were inadequate. The varying accounts might have been taken as pure fantasy. Or, worse, imagine if the nature of this reality had been what Charles Stein calls “configurative”, instaurated (revealed-created) between the explorer and explored, subject and object, different for each witness, the furthest thing from arbitrary, yet eluding common sense. What then?

Standing on a solid slab of technoscientistic rationalism beneath a heaven of technocratic rule, tastefully decorated with clouds of roll-your-own spirituality, spritzed with drug-induced recollections of life-force unity, which was what the Buddha was trying to teach, but only some of us recognize as true, etc., etc. …. liberated from the unreason of the past, except for hoards of retro-fascists who never tire of reversing this liberation… living the postmodernized professional-managerial class lifestyle, mediated by screens, teleporting our own virtual selves into this virtual reality or that… where our corporate professional persona, the ideological personal-political “whole self” we are urged to bring to work, our personal brand constructed selves we set like a mannequin in LinkedIn shop windows, and our innermost selves we take on cultural appreciation field trips and little naughty adventures into normalized transgression — the default is post-Derridean disintegration. There is nothing solid or persistent enough to be deconstructed except maybe Foucauldian orthodoxy of power-relations that assumes whatever is solid serves the rich and malevolent, and whatever seeks to dismantle and reconstruct things to serve different power interests serves the powerless and benevolent, but that orthodoxy transcends mere politics, to the realm of universal truth and common decency. In this enworldment, if we do not actively resist living simulated lives, we drift into an inescapable text-trap, a sealed simulation with nothing outside it. We can call this condition mass solipsism.

Under these conditions, when studying Kabbalah and its history, it is all too easy to succumb to a semiconscious attitude that takes mystical schools of thought as thought and only thought, memes traversing social networks, forgetting that these were inspired attempts to articulate realities that transcend and defy thought and text. We lapse into charting traditional strands and tracing influences from mystic to mystic, and lose sight of the divine referent, the whole point of it all.

Nobody asks where trees were discovered, and how news of their existence spread along trade routes, and influenced how various civilizations understood their landscapes. Trees are real, so they are experienced by everyone everywhere.

But today “touching grass” has become a spiritual exercise. People need to be told to go outside to reexperience trees. If few choose to outside, perhaps trees will become as informational as experiences of pressing into the divine ground. Knowing is far more participatory than we realize, and the more important a mode of knowing is, the more we must put into meeting it. We must unclamp our heads from the screen; we must unchain our bodies from the theater seat; we must stand up, walk around, see things from many standpoints, angles and perspectives. And if we dare to go radically peripatetic, we might press into the horizons and feel out the limits. We might even find an exit from this cramped universe we mistake for everything.

It is true that truth is not just there to be discovered, but it does not follow from this that truth is just constructed, and, in fact, that is less true. A truer truth is that truth is instaurated — revealed-created — collaboratively with the materials themselves. This deep collaboration between spirit and material, subject and object, artifex and artifact has the simplest name: craft.

Bruno Latour dedicated his life to crafting a truth of truthcraft, beautifully and persuasively redescribing science to disclose its truthcraft.

And ultimately, Latour went much further: Truth is crafted from a reality it knows.

And I will say this once again, because it is true: No discipline has developed more comprehensive truthcraft methods than design.

Natural science made enormous progress by methodologically bracketing Why and narrowing its question set to What and How. Design adds Why back.

By design, I mean something very precise that resurveys the practical landscape and redraws lines separating this from that. The “that” against which design is defined is engineering.

Whatever systematizes objective components governed by objective rules (like natural laws or social compulsion) is engineering. In engineering, materials are physical, logical and essentially choiceless. Here objective knowing in terms What and How is entirely sufficient to predict and control the system.

Design extends systems to participants who have subjective experiences and make choices. In design some materials are physical, logical and choiceless (and here design overlaps with engineering), but these are no longer sufficient to predict and control the larger social systems design develops.

For design, understanding the various subjectivities involved in the social system is necessary before the system can be influenced (never controlled) and movement toward improvement becomes more likely than deterioration. These subjectivities include not only the Why factors that shape behaviors, they also shape those interactions with reality that instaurationally shape objective truth itself, differently for each subject, yet within the same reality being designed.

Poetic vs ideological license

Art, Politics

The problem I had with Nolan’s Odyssey had little to do with accuracy. Artists often take poetic license and say true things using deviations from facts, traditions and norms. But to me, it seemed that the license Nolan took was not poetic license, but rather the opposite — ideological license. He spoke phony truisms badly in a way that has become depressingly common.

Continue reading Poetic vs ideological license →

Design definitions

Design, Philosophy

Design is the practice of specifying things to be produced by others for others.

Let us start by defining the roles involved in all design.

Let us name the role of a person for whom a design is specified and produced. Historically, this name has always been borrowed from other fields, always with distracting semantic baggage. User, audience, customer, consumer, persona and service actor have all at various times served this purpose. To clarify the field of design, it is necessary to coin a technical term of art, one signifying this role relative to design practice. Let us call any first-person subject for whom a thing is intended, specified and produced a designant.

Let us call the role of those who make or deliver the specified thing producers.

Finally, those who develop the specifications for the thing are designers.

And the specification of the thing is its design.

The specification is the result of myriad decisions made by designers, all aiming at a set of ideal goals. This is the change the designed thing is meant to have on reality. This is the design intention.

The defined intention of the work, plus the enabling resources and limiting constraints governing how the intention may be actualized, is the problem definition, or simply, the problem.

A design problem is a problem that includes within its definition considerations essential to design practice.

That is, a design problem includes within its definition not only the thing to be produced but the designants for whom the thing is intended.

A design methodology solves a design problem systematically, using techniques that address the particular challenge of designing for designants who are other than the designers who work on resolving the design problem.

Without inclusion of designants, a problem is not defined as a design problem.

Without design methodology, a design problem is not being approached as what it is.

Again: Design is the practice of specifying things to be produced by others for others. By this definition, a great many problems ought to be defined as design problems, but are not.

Further, a great many problems that are or ought to be defined as design problems are not approached using design methodology.

To use a simple analogy, a great many design problems are misdiagnosed as other kinds of problems; and many design problems, both incorrectly and correctly diagnosed, are treated incorrectly.

Things become messy almost immediately:

First, multiple roles can be played by the same person. In service design, for example, the service actors who deliver the service on the front lines, or who support the service behind the scenes, are also among those for whom the service is intended. They are both designants and producers. Another example is designing something for ourselves. If we design our kitchen, we may also do the installation and construction work and be producers, and, once we inhabit and use our new kitchen, we may also be among our own designants. But if we are alert, we will notice how our role shifts and how we think, feel and behave differently in each, often in surprising and conflicting ways.

Second, a designed “thing” can be many kinds of things, produced from many materials, some of which are not even physical substances — for example actions or concepts. And many design materials are complex and heterogeneous.

Finally, the nature of designed things is quite different from the objective way we normally think about things. This will require extensive rethinking, and will be a subject of discussion later. For now, suffice it to say, even the simplest designed things are in fact participatory systems. Designed things are not only for designants, they involve the designants as participants in the designed thing, and through their participation activate and complete it.